Academic Integrity

你能想象到的任何话题的对话都在我们周围进行，但我们没有注意到它们，因为它们通常发生在世界各地的出版物、期刊和学术图书馆的书籍中。通过进入大学并参加一门课程，你表明了自己想要参与其中一些对话的意愿。你当然是最受欢迎的，但因为学生进入这些对话主要是通过写课堂论文，那些老师和学生已经在交谈，他们希望你遵循他们的既定习惯。

Plagiarism, put simply, is willfully misrepresenting yourself in these conversations by suggesting that certain words or ideas are your own when they are not. You avoid plagiarism by understanding and following the citation conventions of the discipline within which you are writing. Citation conventions were developed by professors and teachers to help people find the original sources of ideas and information discussed in academia; citations record what has gone before in the conversation. Failure to acknowledge this history in your own writing is plagiarism.

There are certainly degrees of plagiarism, from an innocent overly-close paraphrase of another author’s words to an entire paper cravenly downloaded from an internet cheating site. Also, intentions do matter in deciding what constitutes plagiarism and what is simply an error in citation conventions: students do sometimes fail to cite or use quotation marks purely from carelessness or lack of understanding. Still, ultimately your writing must speak for itself, and you will be judged by what you submit as your own work. Pleading ignorance will not protect you from having to face the same consequences as the student who willfully cheats. The following information is therefore designed to help you avoid both unintentional plagiarism and the temptations and frustrations that lead to intentional plagiarism.

For guidance on citation and usage, visit theAdelphi libguides’ citation guide.

牛津大学分为许多学院、学院、部门和部门，每个部门都有自己的研究方法、正式的惯例和关于如何最好地利用资源的想法。Three areas are traditionally recognized:sciences(chemistry, biology, physics),social sciences(anthropology, sociology, economics),humanities(philosophy, history, English) andarts(music, sculpture, theatre). There are alsoprofessional schools(social work, nursing, business) that use many of the methodologies of the social sciences but have as their aim professional development and training.

These divisions are important to understand because you will find yourself writing very different kinds of papers as you take classes in various areas. Expectations for uses of evidence will vary, as will

conventions for incorporating and citing sources. In the sections that follow, pay close attention to remarks made in reference to one or the other of the divisions.

Depending on the purpose a source plays in your writing, you will offer your reader more or less information about the author, context, and specific language. There are three ways to incorporate a source’s ideas into your writing:quotation,paraphrase, andsummary.

• Quotation: Reproduces the author’s exact language, word for word, within quotation marks.
• Paraphrase: Reproduces the author’s idea and argument in about the same amount of space as the original, but in your own words and your own sentence structure.
• Summary: Represents an overall argument in a much more compact space in your own words.

When to Quote

Contrary to popular belief, overusing quotations suggests to your reader that you have not really understood what you have read, and that you have simply copied material to make it seem as if you have read carefully.

Discipline-specific note

Generally in the sciences and social sciences, paraphrases and summaries are preferred, though a quotation of a few words is useful for borrowing particularly apt phrasing or technical language. In the humanities, quotations are more welcome, particularly when the actual words of the writer are important to your argument (such as in philosophy, where entire arguments can turn on the use of one word over another).

In any case, do not overuse quotations by quoting either very long or numerous passages. A good summary or paraphrase is often more effective than a quotation to demonstrate to your readers that you have a good grasp of the material you have read.

How to Paraphrase

As students, you present your results and ideas through writing; it is crucial that you respect the work of others by learning to paraphrase and summarize correctly, without misrepresenting either theideasor thewritingof others as your own.

Students often assume that paraphrasing means “changing enough words” to avoid plagiarism. But this is precisely the wrong approach. If you ask “have I changed the source enough to avoid plagiarism?” you have misunderstood the point of using sources. The point of paraphrasing is to explain another person’s ideas clearly to your reader. Instead of making changes in the original sentence until you are not plagiarizing, begin by closing your book and writing what you understand the source to be saying. This strategy also ensures that, when you paraphrase and summarize, you actually understand the ideas you are using, which is the whole point of the exercise.

For guidance on citation and usage, visit theAdelphi libguides’ citation guide.

Incorporating sources is not just about citing correctly, but also about clearly assigning ideas and opinions to their owners. The best way to avoid unintentional plagiarism is to introduce a source before a quotation, paraphrase or summary, and then to indicate clearly where the source’s ideas or information ends and where your own ideas begin.

While some inexperienced writers fear that introducing sources will break the “flow” of their writing, the opposite is true–good writing clearly signals how the various sources of information fit together, while choppy writing jumps from source to source without signals.

Some Examples of Incorporating Sources

The following two passages are nearly identical; for each one, determine which information and opinions are from the President’s Council and which are the author’s:

• Prior to Title IX, about 300,000 young women participated in national interscholastic sports (President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sport, 1997). Looking back, we can now assume that this number is much lower than it should have been and did not reflect the desires of the many girls not allowed to play.
• Prior to Title IX, about 300,000 young women participated in national interscholastic sports, a number which, according to the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sport (1997), is much lower than it should be and did not reflect the desires of the many girls not allowed to play.

请注意，这两篇文章说了非常不同的事情。虽然两份报告都报告了30万名女性参加体育运动的统计数据，但在第一份报告中很明显，对数字的评估是作者的，而在第二份报告中，评估是总统理事会报告的一部分。很容易就能明白:第一个例子中的关键短语是“looking back”，第二个例子中的是“according to”。

Students often cite by simply putting a parenthetical reference at the end of any paragraph with a paraphrase or summary in it, believing that this is adequate. But such a method can lead to suspicions of plagiarism if it is not clear which ideas are borrowed and which are the writer’s. Consider the paragraph below, in which the only citation information is at the very end. [The following examples are adapted from Coulton, C.J. (2005). The Place of Community in Social Work Practice Research: Conceptual and Methodological Developments.Social Work Research, 29, 73-86.]

Another approach to defining communities uses geographic information systems (GIS) to identify patterns of intersecting pedestrian streets deemed to be areas of social interactions. These natural breaks represent boundaries across which social interaction diminishes. GIS can be used to examine hypotheses about space and social organization and to define community units for further analysis. The use of GIS tools to uncover socially meaningful boundaries can make community research more authentic, accurate, and replicable. By examining residents’ perceptions, street intersections, and geographic attributes, the researcher can link social, economic, and behavioral data (Grattis, 1998).

在这里，我们不可能确切地知道哪些信息和结论来自Grattis，哪些是作者的。But only a few small changes are needed to clarify where the source’s information ends and the author’s voice begins:

另一种定义社区的方法是使用地理信息系统(GIS)来识别被视为社会互动区域的交叉步行街的模式。Grannis(1998)证明，这些自然的断裂代表了社会互动减少的边界。他使用地理信息系统来检验关于空间和社会组织的假设，并定义社区单位以供进一步分析。我们可以得出这样的结论，使用GIS工具来揭示具有社会意义的边界可以使社区研究更加真实、准确和可复制。通过检查居民的感知、街道交叉口和地理属性，研究人员可以将社会、经济和行为数据联系起来。

Here, the simple phrase “One can conclude” clearly marks the end of the summary of the source and the beginning of the student’s evaluation of that source.

Discipline-specific note

While all disciplines require clearly introducing and discussing sources, the sciences and social sciences require reporting statistics and other simple points of fact more often than do the humanities. Such information can often be cited simply in parentheses and without an elaborate introduction since it is obvious that the writer had to look up the information someplace.

For guidance on citation and usage, visit theAdelphi libguides’ citation guide.

One key to avoiding plagiarism is to know what you need to cite and what you do not. A good rule of thumb: if in doubt, cite it. But there are some other basic principles to keep in mind.

Citing Common Knowledge

你不需要引用那些在基本参考书中广为人知或容易找到的信息。因此，你不必为《独立宣言》写于1776年这一事实引用出处，也不需要为其著名的开场白(“当在人类事件的进程中……”)提供页码参考。但如果你要继续讨论一些更主观的东西，比如殖民地公众对其出版的反应，你就需要引用你的资料来源。

Citing Study Aids and Websites

Many students are reluctant to cite study aids (CliffsNotes, SparkNotes), online reference tools (Wikipedia), and other websites and blogs. This attitude is understandable if you are trying to conceal from your instructor that you have used such resources, but be aware that such deception leads to plagiarism. Any resources you use to spark your imagination or inspire you must be cited even if you are embarrassed to have used them. It is not enough simply to include websites in a bibliography; the body of your text must indicate clearly what ideas are from the resource and how your own thinking was affected by those ideas. Students sometimes say that they cannot remember which ideas they had before they started reading and which were suggested by the resources themselves, but this excuse will not do. A responsible writer keeps track of such things and represents the source of ideas accurately in the work.

But more importantly, be aware that your instructors actually value the ability to use resources for inspiration responsibly. Your paper will be well-received if you demonstrate that you are able to use the ideas of others to develop new ideas. You therefore strengthen, not weaken, your paper by visibly incorporating your sources. One suggestion for doing this well: rather than reporting the ideas of the sources as simply true, use contrastive words to link your ideas to those of your sources while simultaneously showing where your thinking has advanced. Consider the constructions of the following:

Beowulf can be classified as an epic poem because of its length and its status as an early work in the language (Wikipedia); however, we might ask whether this category is in fact a good fit for this folkloric tale.

大卫·克罗克特究竟是死于阿拉莫战役还是被俘后被处决，一直是个问题。业余历史学家在一个阿拉莫爱好者的网站(The Alamo Site)上对这个问题的讨论没有给出可信的结论，但确实表明，关键不在于“真实”发生了什么，而在于我们对勇敢的普遍定义。

Using popular resources like Wikipedia and blogs on the internet can be fine as long as they are properly cited, and as long as they are not confused with authoritative academic resources.

A citation style is merely a set of conventions established by a particular professional academic organization to make providing references simple and clear. The goal of any citation style is consistency, but each has its own idiosyncrasies that must learned. Three of the most popular, and their official style guides, are

• MLA: Modern Language Association,
  MLAHandbook for Writers of Research Papers
• APA: American Psychiatric Association,
  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
• CMS or Chicago: University of Chicago Press,Chicago Manual of Style

While these official style guides are the only place to get the full details for every citation situation and for answers to specific questions about formatting in each style, all three have been summarized in a number of handbooks and websites.Unfortunately, not all summaries are accurate or up-to-date, so you will find inconsistencies on various websites, in various books, and even among your own instructors, who may well modify one of these styles for their own classroom use.

As noted,Adelphi libguides’ citation guideprovides links to summaries of the three styles above. But if you are ever in doubt about what citation style to use, simply ask your instructor.

• Paraphrasing does not relieve you of the responsibility to cite.释义和摘要需要页面引用和参考书目条目，就像引用一样。
• Study aids must be cited.Many students are reluctant to cite study aids (CliffsNotes, SparkNotes), online reference tools (Wikipedia), and other websites and blogs. But even the resources you use just to spark your imagination or inspire you must be cited.
• A web address is not an adequate citation.一个网站地址(如www.hfrbwy.com)实际上永远不可能被接受作为插入语的文本引用，在参考书目中单独一个网站地址也不够。
• Quotations do not make your paper look better.与普遍的看法相反，过度引用会让读者觉得你并没有真正理解所读的内容，你只是简单地抄写材料，让人觉得你读得很仔细。
• Introducing quotations does not break the flow.While some inexperienced writers fear that introducing sources will break the “flow” of their writing, the opposite is true: good writing clearly signals how the various sources of information fit together, while choppy writing jumps from source to source without signals.
• When in doubt, cite.While common knowledge need not be referenced, there are gray areas. If you’re not sure whether to cite something, play it safe and cite it.